- Colorado School of Mines announces search for Vice President of Research and Technology Transfer. Learn more and apply ».
- Mine, mines, or miners may refer to: Mining, extraction of mineral resources from the ground from a mine.
- Minecraft is a game about placing blocks and going on adventures. Buy it here, or explore the site for the latest news and the community's amazing creations!
The Mineshaft
Mines students aspiring to be teachers honored at Capitol Two Colorado School of Mines students on a path to become secondary school teachers were. Principal Translations: Inglés: Español: mine pron pronoun: Replaces noun--for example, "He took the cookie and ate it." "I saw you yesterday." (belonging to me).
![The Mines Of Moria The Mines Of Moria](http://www.wieliczka-saltmine.com/files/o_kopalni/o_kopalni_main/kopalnia_soli_wieliczka_o_kopalni_podstrona.jpg)
Naval mine - Wikipedia. For civilian resource extraction, see deep sea mining. The protuberances near the top of the mine, here with their protective covers, are called Hertz horns, and these trigger the mine's detonation when a ship bumps into them.
![The Mine The Mine](http://inapcache.boston.com/universal/site_graphics/blogs/bigpicture/themine/bp1.jpg)
A naval mine is a self- contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of, or contact with, an enemy vessel. Naval mines can be used offensively—to hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a harbour; or defensively—to protect friendly vessels and create . They can be inexpensive: some variants can cost as little as US$2.
Their flexibility and cost- effectiveness make mines attractive to the less powerful belligerent in asymmetric warfare. The cost of producing and laying a mine is usually anywhere from 0.
Parts of some World War II naval minefields still exist because they are too extensive and expensive to clear. Offensive mines are placed in enemy waters, outside harbours and across important shipping routes with the aim of sinking both merchant and military vessels. Defensive minefields safeguard key stretches of coast from enemy ships and submarines, forcing them into more easily defended areas, or keeping them away from sensitive ones.
Minefields designed for psychological effect are usually placed on trade routes and are used to stop shipping from reaching an enemy nation. They are often spread thinly, to create an impression of minefields existing across large areas. A single mine inserted strategically on a shipping route can stop maritime movements for days while the entire area is swept.
International law requires nations to declare when they mine an area, to make it easier for civil shipping to avoid the mines. The warnings do not have to be specific; for example, during World War II, Britain declared simply that it had mined the English Channel, North Sea, and French coast. History. This kind of naval mine was loaded in a wooden box, sealed with putty. General Qi Jiguang made several timed, drifting explosives, to harass Japanese pirate ships. It was used on the Delaware River as a drift mine. In 1. 85. 4, during the unsuccessful attempt of the Anglo- French fleet to seize the Kronstadt fortress, British steamships HMS Merlin (9 June 1. HMS Vulture and HMS Firefly suffered damage due to the underwater explosions of Russian naval mines.
Russian naval specialists set more than 1. Moritz von Jacobi and by Immanuel Nobel. The mining of Vulcan led to the world's first minesweeping operation. The mine was tied to the sea bottom by an anchor, a cable connected it to a galvanic cell which powered it from the shore, the power of its explosive charge was equal to 1. In the summer of 1.
Committee for Mines of the Ministry of War of the Russian Empire. In 1. 85. 4, 6. 0 Jacobi mines were laid in the vicinity of the Forts Pavel and Alexander (Kronstadt), in order to deter the British Baltic Fleet from attacking them. It gradually phased out its direct competitor the Nobel mine on the insistence of admiral Fyodor Litke. The Nobel mines were bought from Swedish industrialist Immanuel Nobel who had entered into collusion with Russian head of navy Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov.
Despite their high cost (1. Russian rubles) the Nobel mines proved to be faulty, exploding while being laid, failing to explode or detaching from their wires and drifting uncontrollably, at least 7. British. In 1. 85. Jacobi mines were laid around Krostadt and Lisy Nos, British ships did not dare to approach them. In the 1. 9th century, mines were called torpedoes, a name probably conferred by Robert Fulton after the torpedo fish, which gives powerful electric shocks. A spar torpedo was a mine attached to a long pole and detonated when the ship carrying it rammed another one and withdrew a safe distance. Hunley used one to sink USS Housatonic on 1.
February 1. 86. 4. A Harvey torpedo was a type of floating mine towed alongside a ship, and was briefly in service in the Royal Navy in the 1. One such weapon, called the Whitehead torpedo after its inventor, caused the word . These mobile devices were also known as . The first ship sunk by a mine, USS Cairo, foundered in 1. Yazoo River. Rear Admiral.
David Farragut's famous/apocryphal command during the Battle of Mobile Bay in 1. In the decade following 1. Major Henry Larcom Abbot carried out a lengthy set of experiments to design and test moored mines that could be exploded on contact or be detonated at will as enemy shipping passed near them. This initial development of mines in the United States took place under the purview of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, which trained officers and men in their use at the Engineer School of Application at Willets Point, New York (later the site of Fort Totten). The Imperial Russian Navy, a pioneer in mine warfare, successfully deployed mines against the Ottoman Navy during both the Crimean War and the Russo- Turkish War (1. They proved their worth as weapons in this conflict.
For instance, two mines blew up when the Petropavlovsk struck them near Port Arthur, sending the holed vessel to the bottom and killing the fleet commander, Admiral Stepan Makarov, and most of his crew in the process. The toll inflicted by mines was not confined to the Russians, however. The Japanese Navy lost two battleships, four cruisers, two destroyers and a torpedo- boat to offensively laid mines during the war.
Most famously, on May 1. Russian minelayer. Amur planted a 5. Port Arthur and succeeded in sinking the Japanese battleships Hatsuse and Yashima. Following the end of the Russo- Japanese War, several nations attempted to have mines banned as weapons of war at the Hague Peace Conference (1. Several mine- laying ships were destroyed when their cargo exploded.
The mines employed were controlled mines, anchored to the bottoms of the harbors and detonated under control from large mine casemates on shore. During World War I, mines were used extensively to defend coasts, coastal shipping, ports and naval bases around the globe. The Germans laid mines in shipping lanes to sink merchant and naval vessels serving Britain.
The Allies targeted the German U- boats in the Strait of Dover and the Hebrides. In an attempt to seal up the northern exits of the North Sea, the Allies developed the North Sea Mine Barrage. During a period of five months from June 1. North Sea's northern exits. The total number of mines laid in the North Sea, the British East Coast, Straits of Dover, and Heligoland Bight is estimated at 1. WWI was 2. 35,0. 00 sea mines.
German submarines also operated in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the U. S. Contact mines usually blew a hole in ships' hulls. By the beginning of World War II, most nations had developed mines that could be dropped from aircraft and floated on the surface, making it possible to lay them in enemy harbours. The use of dredging and nets was effective against this type of mine, but this consumed valuable time and resources, and required harbours to be closed.
Later, some ships survived mine blasts, limping into port with buckled plates and broken backs. This appeared to be due to a new type of mine, detecting ships by their proximity to the mine (an influence mine) and detonating at a distance, causing damage with the shock wave of the explosion. Ships that had successfully run the gauntlet of the Atlantic crossing were sometimes destroyed entering freshly cleared British harbours. More shipping was being lost than could be replaced, and Churchill ordered the intact recovery of one of these new mines to be of the highest priority. The British experienced a stroke of luck in November 1. German mine was dropped from an aircraft onto the mud flats off Shoeburyness during low tide.
Additionally, the land belonged to the army and a base with men and workshops was at hand. Experts were dispatched from HMS Vernon to investigate the mine. They had some idea that the mines could use magnetic sensors, so everyone removed all metal, including their buttons, and made tools of non- magnetic brass.
They disarmed the mine and rushed it to labs at HMS Vernon, where scientists discovered a new type of arming mechanism. A large ferrous object passing through the Earth's magnetic field will concentrate the field through it; the mine's detector was designed to trigger as a ship passed over, when its magnetic field was concentrated as measured by the mine. The mechanism had an adjustable sensitivity, calibrated in milligauss. Early methods included the use of large electromagnets dragged behind ships or below low- flying aircraft (a number of older bombers like the Vickers Wellington were used for this). Both of these methods had the disadvantage of . A better solution was found in the .
This induced a large magnetic field and swept the entire area between the two ships. The older methods continued to be used in smaller areas. The Suez Canal continued to be swept by aircraft, for instance. Wartime Japanese sweep methods, by contrast, never advanced much past 1.
American mines. These were typically visited by warships, and the majority of the fleet then underwent a massive degaussing process, where their hulls had a slight . Some of the first to be so- fitted were the carrier. HMS Ark Royal and the liners RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth.
This was felt to be impracticable for the myriad of smaller warships and merchant vessels, mainly because the ships lacked the generating capacity to energise such a coil. This started in late 1. British warships were largely immune for a few months at a time until they once again built up a field. Many of the boats that sailed to Dunkirk were degaussed in a marathon four- day effort by degaussing stations.
The Allies deployed acoustic mines, against which even wooden- hulled ships (in particular minesweepers) remained vulnerable.